At previous chapter was discussed how gases mix up. Now shall be discussed how gases of different density mix up. At picture 05.02.01 at A an area of relative high density (red) is shown left side, and right side an area (of same gas) with less density (light red) is drawn.
We know by previous considerations, particles of gases are not spread equally but inevitable come up ´bubbles of nothing´ on and on. At this picture at B some of these bubbles (light red) schematic are marked. Naturally these particle-free areas are larger if less particles exist within an area (here sketched by wider bubbles right side).
At this picture at C now wall between both areas is taken off. Particles of previous dense area by majority now fall into areas less dense. In principle comes up migration movement from high to less density. Short time later anywhere exists likely density - in general - while really still exist areas of most different presence of particles, in steady changing shapes.
Flows in Bundles
Naturally this process of balance of densities - and thus also of pressures - between two areas is well known and calculable by formula. However I want to point out, that balance-process occurs not only at borderline, not only by single atoms there, but all times real ´bundles´ of particles fall into ´empty spaces´ by relative close configurations.
In addition I want to point out, these suction-areas not at all affect any ´attracting force´. They only allow particles, occasionally pushed into that direction, to fly longer distances until next collision than average. As they fly off their previous position relative long, they can come back only some later. Meanwhile an other particle, again hit into likely direction, can follow at likely track, so momentary come up flows of likely directions.
Back-affecting Suction
In general, gas particles move chaotic into any directions. At start of previous chapter movements schematic were reduced to horizontal and vertical directions. Now here density-compensation theoretic occurs from left to right side, so at picture 05.02.02 movements are drawn only into horizontal directions.
At dense area left side distances between collisions are assumed with two steps (black lines), at area less dense right side these distances are three steps long (blue lines). At the beginning, six particles (red points) are positioned at dense area (red) and only four particles at area less dense (light red).
At first row A starting situation is drawn. Each one particle is positioned at walls left and right side. Between, each two particles momentary collide (after four black steps left resp. six blue steps right, in total since previous collisions). At second row particles are drawn after each one step- resp. time-unit.
Starting from situation marked at A, particles flow off each other resp. off walls. They collide after two units (at row B) already within dense area, however finally after three units (at row C) within area less dense.
Particle left of border between both areas (at row D) now can fly one unit further right side (marked by thick blue line) until colliding next time. After each two further steps, next particles at new border can move further towards right into relative empty spaces. So it takes only short time, all particles move towards right side - resp. opposite, previous dense area becomes ´empty´.
At E first particle finally leaves towards right side, at F new particle comes into area observed from left side. So it´s (realistic) assumed, areas of high and less densities reach far out towards left and right side. However already this local section and simple drawing clearly show, ´suction area´ affects backwards into area of higher density resp. low density wanders into area of higher density. Suction does not pull any particles towards itself - but suction-area moves backwards into area of more density - as probably to observe also at this animation.
Naturally also these facts are known (more or less), even strict consequences often are not drawn off. Here this process is demonstrated only by some few particles. Naturally this process analogous runs concerning previous ´bubbles´: these relative empty areas wander into areas of originally higher density. Particles wander from high to low density - and opposite direction wander local areas of relative emptiness.
Emptiness of Gases
At previous picture with its motions only in horizontal directions, collision occur only by given rhythm, also because starting with schematic spread and equally positioned particles. I want to show once more an example which demonstrates emptiness of gases and inevitably existing ´bubbles of nothing´.
At picture 05.02.04 at A is sketched a box with some 50 cm long edges. At nine layers with each nine rows with each nine glass balls are arranged. These 729 balls are transparent (here marked blue) and only one is visible (here marked red). This is nearby relation of water molecules in liquid shape (all places of box are occupied) to water steam (gas takes whole volume of box, however only one place is occupied).
Only one layer (marked dark) is occupied while resting eight layers (marked light red) are empty. At B this cube is drawn once more by smaller scale and seven likely boxes in addition (so total volume would be one cubic meter). In average each box should take one red ball, which would correspond to theoretic equal spreading, in reality however would be extreme exceptional case.
Spreading by pure chance most probably would result, within one box are placed two balls and at an other box even three balls. Same time thus three boxes (marked light red) will be totally empty. And again, most probable at least two boxes are positioned aside each other. Even within most wider volumes with corresponding much more occupied positions, inevitably are wide ´empty bubbles´ within.
If for example previous boxes are arranged by nine into all three dimensions (in total 729 boxes) and within that volume 729 balls are positioned totally by random, most exact would remain 243 boxes without any ball within (known as ´2/3-law´ of probability calculus, e.g. at Roulette). No matter how wide an area is assumed, by previous suction-effect particles of relative dense areas fall into areas of nearby now particles, not one by one but by large bundles of particles as common flows.
Order by Walls
At picture 05.02.05 at A schematic is shown an area of low density (light) and surrounding area of high density (dark red). Particles fall into relative empty area, by parts also through that area. Opposite, area of low density (light red) expands radial.
At this picture at B relative empty area is positioned aside of wall (grey line below). Particles fall into that empty space, also towards wall and are rejected. This happens also at area already thinned out (light red) alongside of wall. At these cases, rejected particles leave behind some free space, into which however (from side of wall) no other particles follow. So that empty area indeed is filled up rather slowly. At the other hand, these free rooms of thin density alongside walls allow relative constant flows (suction alongside walls ´pulls´ stronger) and opposite, thin areas spread much wider aside of walls.
At this picture at C well known example of this effect is shown: ´flow-conform´ shaped body (blue). This body can be stationary within a flow or can move through stationary fluid. At any case this body displaces fluid at its most wide diameter and further backside comes up area of relative less density (marked light).
This area is filled up and same time renewed again. Area of relative emptiness wanders through space (when body moves) or wanders relative to flow (if body is stationary within flow), so contrary to flight- or flow- direction. As mentioned upside, area of low density (light red) spreads alongside wall of body, finally reaching far ahead of ´nose´. Small resistance of flow-conform bodies is based on these effects, as in front of body autonomously and steady comes up relative emptiness and alongside of walls exists relative likely flow.
Backside suction area does not affect by ´attraction´, however allows particles to fall into that area (by their molecular speed), not only at end of body but already much far ahead within that area thinned off - a well known process. Speed of flow alongside walls is faster than further outside. Such differences of speeds produce special results - second shape of suction-effect, discussed at the following.
Speed
Speed of sound is common for us, e.g. counting seconds between flash and thunder, calculating three seconds per kilometer. Particles of air however move much faster, need only two seconds per kilometer. At picture 05.02.06 diverse speeds are shown schematic.
Red line at A represents molecular speed of air somewhere in the region of 500 m/s resp. 1.500 km/h. Length of blue line at B correspondingly represents speed of sound with some 300 m/s resp. 1.000 km/h. Red zigzag-line marks, sound won´t move straight ahead but wanders ahead by ´deviations´.
Storm or hurricane are called wind-speeds which are only one tenth of, e.g. 30 m/s or 100 km/h (grey line at C). Particles of air move at tracks much longer, into diverse directions, much more all over the place than ahead. Even once more longer are deviations at technical applications of gases, as speeds mostly are some few m/s or km/h (black line at D).
Potential Movements
At this picture at E resting particle (red point) is drawn, which after collision and after one time-unit will be positioned somewhere at circle sketched. Aside of, some of possible tracks radial are drawn. At previous considerations were observed only these movements showing into horizontal and vertical directions.
If now all particles and their molecular movements are overlaid by general movement ahead (here from left to right side), corresponding figures at F are representative. By total view, movements towards backside are shorter and movements into direction of flow are longer. Movement into cross directions now show some ahead. All potential positions after collision (at this circle) are shifted little bit ahead. Here however this shifting is overdrawn, would correspond to sound-fast hurricane (which only local might achieve maximum speeds nearby 300 km/h).
Static / dynamic Pressure
At this picture at G schematic is sketched (by black arrows), at ´resting´ gases exists ´static´ pressure likely towards all sides (e.g. as particles get rejected at walls of tank). At H is sketched a particle generally moving ahead, so sideward motions no longer hit right angles at wall, so cross to general direction of flow only reduced ´static pressure´ exists. Corresponding stronger is ´dynamic pressure´ into direction ahead (marked by arrows of different lengths).
The faster general movement ahead is, the more directions sideward are shifted to directions ahead and correspondingly static pressure becomes dynamic pressure. At this picture at I previous extreme fast movement is drawn once more with its very reduced static pressure and most strong dynamic pressure. These relations of pressures mainly are discussed and calculated at fluid-sciences. However I am more interested in real movements processes and its representative motions pattern, e.g. if flows of different speeds run aside each other.
Diagonal Interactions
At picture 05.02.07 at A previous schematic figures of potential movements directions are shown once more, upside of slow flow (light red) and below of fast flow (dark red). At previous discussions, horizontal and vertical movements were taken as representative for processes. Likely representative are motions into diagonal directions (thus each showing 45 degrees to horizontal resp. vertical directions). If molecular movements are overlaid by general flow, these diagonals are shifted correspondingly towards ahead, like sketched at B, again for slow (upside) and fast (downside) flows. These particles with these potential tracks of motions thus are representative as movement-types resp. -pattern for flows of different speeds. So these potential ways are representative for ´average´ movements of both flows.
At C schematic are drawn four collisions (black points), which typically result of previous diagonal movements at border (grey line) between both flows. Like at any collision, both particles exchange directions and speeds. This corresponds to previous processes by normal conditions of resting gases or e.g. if gases are mixed. Here practically comes up mixture of movement compounds of flows running by different speeds.
These four typical collisions at C occur as both particles move towards each other. At row below now are sketched four other meeting situations, where both particles move into likely directions. Particles schematic are drawn upside and downside of theoretic border line, so no collisions really would occur. In reality however both movement-types are mixed up at border area (by previous types of collisions), so these typical ways of involved particles really will cross mutually.
Collision at likely Directions
At D both ways show back-upward, so counter moving to general flow and towards slower flow. Downside way is shorter so particles of fast flow most will run only behind particles of slow flow without compelling collision. At the other hand, both particles fly ´against the current´ and thus soon are pushed ahead, both again into likely directions.
At E also both ways show backward, now however down towards faster flow. Again downside way is shorter, so well could be ´rammed´ by upside particle (marked by black point downside). Practically occurs ´rear-end collision´ and particle of faster flow is pushed back faster. Both particles fall further on against current, so resulting delay of fast flow resp. pushing it downside back.
At F opposite case is sketched as both ways show ahead-upward. Downside particle flies faster and hits upper particle rear-end. Both particles go on flying into these directions and thus slow flow is accelerated ahead-upward resp. faster flow extents into slower flow.
After collisions more or less frontal, particles fly still ´chaotic´ ways. Here however, at these collisions by similar directions with these rear-end collisions, particles still fly nearby each other and commonly into likely directions. So besides areas of total mix-up with motions cross and fro, inevitably come up areas with real crowds of particles flying in shape of dense flows well ordered.
Without or delayed Return
Decisive effect between neighbouring flows of different speeds however is movement pattern shown at G (marked by black lines). Both particles fly ahead-downward, so into general direction and towards faster flow. Upside particle moves slower than downside particle, won´t catch up but fly further on behind. New particle thus is integrated into faster flow without resistance.
Within fast flow, backward showing movements are more rare, less collisions occur and particles are less thrown back. So new particle will never come back into slow flow or with delay. This particle becomes missing as partner for collisions at its original area. Next particle of slow flow, randomly hit into likely direction, can follow way of previous particle or at least position of next collision is shifted ahead-downside.
These movements correspond in total to processes of suction areas (like discussed upside at picture 05.02.02). Also within faster flows naturally exist previous ´bubbles of relative emptiness´ (like discussed at picture 05.02.01), into which crowds of particles fall at likely tracks. These ´new´ particles hit rarely frontal towards ´old´ particles and thus are rarely pushed back against general flow. Much more collisions there occur ´rear-end´, so many particles fly nearby next into common direction ahead.
Bending towards faster Flow
That´s reason and process of well known effect, neighbouring ´strings of flows´ all times are bended towards faster flow. At picture 05.02.07 is sketched slow flow (H) besides faster flow (I) and diagonal arrows mark way of previous diagonal movements. These ´new´ parts leave ´emptiness´ behind, here marked as light area (J).
Faster flow affects like suction towards neighbouring slower flow. However, there are no particles ´pulled in´, but ´voluntary´ only these particles enter when pushed randomly into fitting directions. However not only that bending comes up but also previous existing ´empty bubbles´ are filled up (and that flow now really shows higher density). New particles fly with molecular speed into gaps, diagonal ahead, so that speed becomes part of existing (average) speed of fast flow. All particles all times fly by molecular speed, now however more particles fly in better order ahead, so flow indeed becomes accelerated (while this acceleration effect can not appear at normal suction areas).
Faster flow thus affects like suction, integrates neighbouring particles, into direction diagonal-ahead, density increases, flow becomes better structure and flow is accelerated. These processes can work at its best if flows run alongside bended wall (marked as black curve).
Water-Jet-Pump
Analogue resp. based on these effects, any water-jet-pump works, like schematic shown at picture 05.02.07 at K and which works naturally also with gaseous medium. Pump-performance comes up without corresponding input of energy, because pump must not ´pull and drag´ particles inside, not possible at all when pumping gases. These pumps really are ´perpetuum mobile´ that kind, energetic higher level (increased throughput) is achieved without ´energy-consumption´.
At these processes occur no energy-transformations at all (and thus all considerations concerning energy-constant are totally irrelevant). The only process is, vectors of molecular movements are structured into likely directions, naturally never completely but only some higher level of order is ´organized´. Also that ´organizing-work´ mostly needs few efforts or even null energy - e.g. because every bended wall already will do.
Driving Hurricanes
Previous ´motion-types´ at border of flows with different speeds are theoretic movement-pattern, right for explanation of ´incredible´ suction-effects and autonomous self-acceleration - as really every whirlwind obviously demonstrates. Based on ideas of Dr. Daudrich I described these systems at my website by chapter ´Whirlwind and Vortex-Powerstations´ in details.
Starting affect of tropic whirlwinds is evaporation of water (contradicting laws of thermodynamics as potential-differences come up autonomously, reducing entropy). Water steam is more light than air so lift results (interesting effect because autonomously comes up force with vector contrary to vector of original gravity force). Starting affect of rotation is turning of earth resp. ´Coriolis-Force´ (which is no independent force but only effect of inertia).
As common sciences allow no possibilities for Perpetuum Mobile nor ´self-acceleration´, obvious acceleration of rotating vortex is explained by transformation of heat- into kinetic-energy. Some other explanations state, static pressure of environment is transformed into dynamic energy of flow. This might be right in general, at the other hand science knows well, different pressure immediately are balanced (like described upside at picture 05.02.01) and process is finished when pressures got equal. So that continuous acceleration is not to explain only by these ideas.
Real process exclusively is based on ´suction-effect´ of faster flow at slower movements of environment, like describes upside at picture 05.02.07 (and also by other pictures at mentioned chapter of website). By pure chance, particles of environment with fitting vectors fall into faster flow without resistance, leaving ´emptiness´ at their place of origin, so continuous process comes up. There occurs only a steady selection of movements vectors, and within ordered flow more particles can move rather dense into common directions, and by integration of new particles speed of general flow becomes accelerated.
One must be conscious about relations: air weights just nothing, however becomes ´remarkable´ when moving by hurricane speeds. Movements of particles by themselves however are ten times faster, even resting air is full of energy, however without ´external effect´. If however only small parts of originally chaotic movements are ´ordered likely´, enormous forces with ´external affects´ result - without any change concerning molecular speed (thus without any ´heat´ being involved).
Motion and Pressure
Picture 05.02.08 upside shows typical hurricane. Below is drawn schematic cross-sectional view, which shows known movements of air (see black arrows). Central eye (D, marked light) is some 10 to 40 km wide, air flows downward, nice clear weather and nearby no winds exist at ground. Within a ring (C) at border of eye, air moves upwards vehemently and upside flows outward (marked dark red). At this area (B, marked red) exist heavy cloud cover and rains.
Vortex system reaches far out much wider (A, marked light red), where air moves outwards and downward, clear and nice weather exists. Alongside ground air masses move back to centre. These processes are described in details at previous mentioned chapter. Here only two aspects are discussed once more.
At E schematic is shown air-pressure at half level of whirlwind (green graph). This atmospheric pressure corresponds nearby to weight of remaining air masses upside. Where air piles up most high (between B and A) also most high pressure is measured.
Totally other results show measures of pressure near ground, like marked schematic at F (blue graph). At outer area (A) pressure increases towards inside, corresponding to downward-movement of air masses there. Further inward (B) pressure decreases continuously, because there winds run increasing faster towards centre (static pressure is reduced and corresponding dynamic pressure of flow increases).
Pressure and Density
Phenomenal is sudden rise of static pressure at area of lift (C), however only downside near ground. Towards upside and towards centre, pressure decreases again to much lower level. This area of exorbitant pressure however is no ´atmospheric pressure´ (weight of air masses plus / minus lifting / falling movements of air) like at ´normal´ low- or high-pressure areas, but results of high density at this ring-shaped area.
At picture 05.02.09 at A once more this centre of whirlwind is sketched by some larger scale. Two areas are accentuated: that area of high density (E, dark red) and an area of relative emptiness (D, light) outside of, both at downside region of whirlwind.
Winds never are total steady flows but an compound of single gusts, where air locally shows most different density and speeds. That´s macroscopic appearance corresponding to previous discussed ´empty bubbles´ resp. crowd-wise motions of particles of gases. Into these ´bubbles´ fall gusts, fill up previous areas of low density, air masses collide and are rejected into other directions.
Within free space, gusts can fall into such empty rooms from all sides, each gust leaves free space behind, into which next gust will fall again. If however a gust of wind hits onto ground, air is rejected upwards - but no other air masses follow from ground, so again relative empty areas (D) remain. These suction areas near ground mainly are filled up only from outer areas of whirlwind. That´s why most heavy storms run alongside ground into radial resp. lastly tangential directions.
Order by Walls
Actually one should expect radial flow-component should reach totally to centre and should not stop at border of eye. Most explorers reason, rotating air masses move outward based on centrifugal forces (lastly inertia) resp. thus are not compressible further on (however centrifugal forces would affect already quite outside against any centripetal motion). Particles of air fly chaotic and all times only until next collision. Air as a whole moves that direction, into which particles can fly most long distances without ´harmful´ collisions (against general flow direction). Inertia is only involved as particles move straight ahead and by constant speed between collisions. Inertia of air masses in total - does not exist (and that´s really true).
At this picture at B schematic movement-types of previous picture 05.02.07 are shown once more, by view top-down at flow. Left of theoretic border (grey line) is drawn particle of slow (light red) and right side particle of faster flow (dark red). Motion into direction ahead-inward (F) of ´slow´ particle in principle affects acceleration of faster flow, motion into direction back-inward (G) pushes faster flow together.
At this picture at C is shown vertical sectional view through flow, one particle is positioned near ground (black). Previous pressure (G) into direction towards centre naturally affects not only in horizontal direction, but also diagonal some upward resp. downward (marked by arrows). Downward showing movements are rejected by uneven ground, so this particle later on flies upward-outward (marked by arrow M). At this area now most ´empty bubbles´ are filled up, so this backward motion will produce collisions (I) by high frequencies, so radial motions towards inward practically are stopped.
Again one should be conscious, even at these enormous fast winds of that region, particles move nine steps cross and to and fro and up and down - before coming ahead one step into general direction of flow. Within these confusing movements centripetal motions are stopped and lots of particles whirr around nearby each other - and that´s what is measured as exorbitant pressure. That pressure can only un-stress if particles escape upwards, particle masses of high density practically ´explode´.
Tornado
At bottom of hurricane comes up ring-shaped ´bolt´ of most dense air. Ground there works as ´ordering-factor´ (like previous mentioned wall), here lastly as decelerating element. Building up of eye and barrier around however is not compelling - if vortex system can rotate free from ground.
Counterparts of hurricanes are tornados, five examples of are shown at picture 05.02.10. Tornado left side is build out in total, its ´hose resp. trunk´ reaches from thundercloud down to water surface. Naturally that hose is only visible part of vortex and around it also air moves into centripetal like tangential directions.
At the other hand, whirlwind-hoses can show diameters of only some meters, however can be long by kilometers. At downside end of trunk come up enormous forces, strong enough to lift even heavy parts hundreds of meters up and away. Here for example trunk ´sucks´ water upward, however clear to observe is also previous ´explosion´ near and some upside of water surface. Thus as long as no ´wall´ involves vortex system, no barrier comes up but compact vortex exists practically without any eye. Only at ground resp. water surface dense air of that area scatters into all directions.
Opposite to hurricanes, tornados start by local turning motions within thunderclouds. Afterwards they grow down of cloud, like pictures right side show most impressive. Water steam, heat differences and corresponding turbulences within thundercloud well are trigger for these appearances, at the other hand such tornados are build out spontaneous also from ´dry´ air movements. Growing and self-acceleration of these vortex systems again is based exclusively on ´suction of fast flows´.
Suction in Slices
Tornados start all times from turning motions, which can come up by pure random. Upside and around first kernel mostly exist many turbulent movements, so no continuous influx into vortex is possible. Only from relative calm air layers below of cloud, acceleration effect can come up.
At picture 05.02.11 that starting rotation schematic is shown as turning red disk. Air below is sketched as blue disk. That second disk could rest at the beginning, nevertheless particles by pure chance could ´escape´ diagonal upward into turning red disk (marked by blue arrows). Following process is totally analogue to process described by previous flows of different speeds. Into new turning layer of air (blue disk), again air below is ´sucked in´, all times upward and in turning sense (marked by green disk and arrows).
Towards growing hose now also air aside affects with its static pressure, thus compressing hose radial and same time accelerating diagonal (see black arrows). This schematic drawing explains theoretic that growing and self-acceleration of vortex-pattern, previous pictures demonstrate obviously real movements like development of system.
In principle just same effect affects like described upsides as ´suction of fast flow´. Here however these ´flow-strings´ of different speeds are arranged downside of each other within space. These flow-strings are closed rings resp. based on general upward-movement are like spiral tracks moving upward. So these tornados are rather similar to previous hurricanes, however show also some special properties - and that´s why I call these vortex-systems third kind of suction-effect.
Continuous acceleration with lastly enormous forces results of fact, differences of speeds exist within whole volume of vortex system, from each tiny flow-string to neighbouring string. Anywhere particles fall randomly into directions, from which they never come back or come back only with delay, so anywhere their molecular movements with fitting vectors become part of general flow. There is no ´external accelerating force´, self-acceleration comes from total volume of vortex system. These self-organizing systems grow and ´live´ from their inner structure (as long as not influenced from outside and system lastly collapses).
One last time: there are no energy transformations involved like at common technologies (and which thus are bound to energy-constant). No energy-surplus is achieved (however these ordered flows well are used by some techniques and could be used much better). The only process is, vectors of given movements are ordered some more likely. These actions occur autonomous - because not all collisions produce new movements spread equal into all directions, but at flow-systems many collisions occur in similar directions and thus are less ´harmful´ for general flow.
Using Particles Movements
Interested readers may ask which concern might exist between these longwinded considerations of vortices systems and subject of Ether-Physics. Nothing, because at least ´my ether´ does not exist by particles. Practically all readers however still think by particles, so description of particles vortices is included here. These considerations by sure were easy to understand for readers and at later chapters thus I do much easier to explain - ether won´t function that kind.
I try to understand and to explain ether properties and behaviour because I am convinced, only by better ideas concerning possibilities like necessities of its movements, progress in many concerns is possible by ´ether-adequate´ solutions, e.g. building machines much more effective. Now I add some more chapters with examples of machines using previous insights of particle movements of gases. Again that won´t concern subject of ether - however analogue solutions well are possible using ether-movements, discussed at later parts of these investigations.
| 05.03. Potentialtwistpipe | Ether-Physics and -Philosophy |