At end of previous chapter was stated, walls well can affect deceleration of flows. This becomes especially obvious when fluid is moves through pipes. At the beginning well can exist ´laminar flows´, however short distance later come up vortices alongside wall. These turbulent flows build resistance and it depends only on relation of diameter and length until any pipe system becomes self-closing. It makes no sense to increase pressure because resistance increases disproportionately.
Viktor Schauberger claimed on and on to prefer suction instead of pressure, e.g. to suck fluid through pipes. Increased suction produces less resistance, so previous self-closing never comes up. Schauberger experimented with diverse shapes of pipes, e.g. with twisted pipes and egg-shaped cross-sectional surfaces. However his pipes are hard to produce, so I searched for simpler solutions. These pipes should show reduced resistance even throughput can be done only by using pressure.
Some years ago at my Fluid-Technology, I made proposal of Potential-Twist-Pipe like schematic shown at picture 05.03.01. Cross-sectional view shows polygon with rounded edges. Within these edges come up side flows in shape of rotating cylinders, so central main stream runs at ´roller-bearings´ without friction at wall. Fluid may not flow only longitudinal through pipe but with twist, by which these ´rollers´ are build up. In order to keep up twist, whole pipe is twisted. Especially necessary is twist-flow within pipe bends, because only by this measurement all tracks show same lengths.
Twist-flow within pipes not only reduces resistance, but also less sediments settle within pipes, water remains ´alive´ or emulsions keep more homogenous. I had ´enormous demands´ for these pipe systems, however I am no businessman and can deliver only some ideas. Some companies took that idea and for example improved efficiency of heat-changers remarkably.
Self-blocking System
At picture 05.03.02 schematic is shown reason of resistance in brief (details are described in previous mentioned Fluid-Technology), left side by longitudinal and right side by cross-sectional view through pipe (red).
Fluid (blue) at the beginning flows parallel (A) to wall, nevertheless already here shows movement components (B) into direction more or less towards wall. These movements are not simply rejected by likely angles but based on roughness of material are rejected increasingly towards centre. So ´barrier´ (C) comes up, practically analogue to extreme dense barrier around eye of hurricane (see previous chapter).
Problem here is, all pressures affected by round wall of pipe show radial and meet at centre, like sketched by black arrows of cross-sectional view (D). These pressures again reject mutually into radial directions, so movements run mostly cross to pipes axis, ´dense plug´ hindering further throughput lastly in total. Theoretic formula of resistance are known and really approved often. Simple and practically anywhere existing problem of transporting fluids through pipes thus demands much energies and costs.
Segment-Pipe
Previous Potentialtwistpipes might reduce that problem, obviously however this solution was not reasonable or simple enough. That´s why I offer new proposal which concerns ´core-problem´ and thus could be accepted easier.
At picture 05.03.03 at A is drawn cross-sectional view of a pipe and its wall is build by four segments. Each segment is nearby one quarter of a circle, however circle-centre is not identical with centre of pipe. One end of each segment is shifted little bit to pipe-centre. Difference of radius are bridged by S-shaped parts.
Naturally fluid is rejected off walls into any directions, in total however perpendicular to wall. These motions- resp. pressures-directions here are marked by arrows. It´s logic now these pressure-directions no longer meet at pipe-centre (like at previous picture at D), but affect ´tangential´ around centre.
So particles of fluid no longer collide frontal within narrow space, but particles in principle ´escape´ mutually at circled tracks. Prevailingly thus results situation of ´rear-end-collisions´ of previous chapter. Central area (dark blue) like environment (blue more light) thus becomes turning.
Potential Vortex
At this picture at B corresponding cross-section of pipe is drawn, for example now with six segments. Pressures affected from segments, each right angles to surfaces, are marked by dotted lines. Pressures are not radial directed but some more ahead. Ring- resp. cylinder-shaped fluid layers further inside (each marked by darker blue) thus drives into twist-flow direction. Pressure-lines meet further inside more narrow, so fluid can ´escape´ only by faster turning movement.
At previous discussed motions processes of hurricanes or tornados was stated, at the beginning always a central nucleus of rotation exists, which becomes accelerated by slower moving environment. Here however, flow into longitudinal direction of pipe, at first produces pressure from outside towards centre. Finally by that ordered environment pressure (diagonal inward) results lastly also that advantageous potential vortex.
At normal resp. ´rigid vortex´ particles move at different radius however all times by same angles-speed. Opposite, at potential-vortices particles inside move faster than particles more outside, like marked at B by arrows of different lengths. Thus only potential-vortices have internal differences of speeds which are prerequisite for previous ´suction-effect of fast flows´.
Vortex within segment-pipe thus is initiated from outside (resp. wall), nevertheless becomes self-accelerating at the following. That vortex ´pulls´ particles towards centre, i.e. inside of that vortex not only exists faster speed but also higher density. Opposite, thus near wall exists less density and thus less resistance by friction comes up. Again it´s to observe, ´energy-growth´ at centre needs no external energy input. Only skilful shape of wall, working pure passive by just normal rejections, results that self-organizing system.
Twisted Pipe
Segment surfaces, some inclined to radial directions, have positive effect without any doubt as they result wanted twisted flow in shape of potential vortex. Disadvantageous however are S-shaped bridge-parts between segments. Naturally also at their surfaces exists rejection, which represents flow cross to twist motion.
Reflection however is not absolutely harmful because twist-flow is not only circling but also longitudinal motion. Particles thus hit onto these surfaces by angles into diagonal directions. At the other hand these angles would be more flat, if pipe as a whole would be twisted, like schematic shown at this picture at C.
Based on inclined segments, this example shows twist flow clock-wise. Into same sense of turning, pipe could be ´screwed´ as a whole so these bridge-parts no longer show parallel to longitudinal axis but some diagonal. If and by which ´angle of gradient´ that twist is necessary or optimum might really depend on each application of pipe system.
Advantageous Twist-Flow
At picture 05.03.04 upside left is shown cross-sectional view of round pipe, within which twist flow exists (again clock-wise). Fluid flows around at circles, inside free and outside along wall. Anywhere exist also motion components into direction towards wall, for example by angle shown at A. This motion is rejected and is not harmful as particles all times fly back into general direction of twist.
Upside was assumed (perfectly justified) rejection won´t occur mirrored but particles fly back more steep. These situations schematic are sketched at B. Also this result is not bad but advantageous. There comes up inward showing pressure component, which automatic builds up potential vortex (like mentioned upside). So by that simple picture advantages of twist-flow already become obvious.
Guide Fins
Twist flow is easy to achieve also within round pipes. Along wall only some guide fins must be installed, like schematic shown at C by longitudinal view of pipe. These surfaces reach from wall some inward and are bended little bit in turning sense, like schematic sketched right side.
Guide fins have a pressure-surface D, alongside which fluid is pressed into turning sense. Naturally that process affects resistance so movement ahead is delayed some kind. Backside E of guide fin produces suction area, into which particles of fluid fall into turning sense, so loss of speed might be compensated.
That technique may well achieve twist-flows and Schauberger demonstrated that effect with great success. If however only single guide fins are installed, at long distances no clear twist-flow is guarantee. As an alternative, twist flow is not initiated from border but directly organized that core of potential twist flow.
Twist only by Suction
Cross within pipe, from wall to wall, one can put flow-conform body (like sketched by longitudinal cross-sectional view at F) without loss of throughput. Free cross-sectional surface is reduced, however correspondingly faster flows fluid through that bottleneck (theoretic calculable by formula and really approved often). Explanation of that effect of flow-conform bodies is described at previous chapter at picture 05.02.05.
From outside to inside this body, originally symmetric, should change shapes like sketched at G from top to bottom. ´Nose´ like end of body should shift to one side, so step by step profile of wing results. At suction side (here each upside) fluid falls back-downside increasingly faster. This flow goes on also behind edge and now builds suction of fast flow to slower fluid of downside surface. This ´pressure-side of wing´ also could be bended some downward and fluid would not affect pressure towards, just because previous faster flow ´sucks-in´ by that direction.
This body thus affects twist motion within pipe, as naturally that body should be installed symmetric to pipe-centre. At cross-sectional view (H) through pipe (resp. schematic also through that body) line of nose is marked yellow and line of backside end is marked black. However width of that winded wing is much over-drawn, real blades of that ´stator-guide-wheel´ could be constructed much smaller.
This principle shape shows two special properties: within centre of pipe is build out potential vortex which will further on autonomously accelerate, so this advantageous motion patter of twist flow will continue relative long within pipe. At the other hand, that partial deviation of flow into turning motion is achieved without any pressure, i.e. without resistance and delay of longitudinal movement. As particles fall into suction areas by their molecular speed, indeed acceleration of flow in total is achieved.
For free
Whoever got convinced by these proposals of Round-Edge-Pipe or Segment-Pipe or Suction-Fins and could apply these conceptions - is invited to use these ideas (while I am not interested in). I only wanted to point out, one may not be contented with known formula and common scientific sentences, but should all times search for better solutions. If behaviour of particles is observed more exact, reason for ´phenomenal´ effects is easy to detect and naturally affects of are much better to use.
At these processes never occurs any energy-transmission (with problems of energy-constant), but only well-aimed order of movements. No energy-input is demanded, motions exist all times in any directions, only selection of momentary fitting motions must be done. That´s achieved only by organizational measures (as a rule by accordingly shaped walls), which work pure ´passive´, don´t force better order but only permit coming up of useful structures of motions.
At end of previous considerations were mentions some wing-like bodies, so next chapter will discuss ´phenomenon of flight´ more detailed.
| 05.04. Lift at Wings | Ether-Physics and -Philosophy |