Based on diverse inspirations, I analysed and designed numberless rotor systems, only part of is shown at my website. Here again, I´ll point out only some few points of view and principles of constructions.
Stand-up-Gyroscope
Gyroscopes are popular toys, cause even simple spinning-tops dance rather astonishing at their tip. If however spinning-top has no sharp tip, phenomenal movements of stand-up-gyroscope will occur.
Spinning-top like this, mostly shows shape of sphere, has handle-rod (for start turnings by two fingers), at end of handle is installed sharp tip (not however at rounded side). After start of turning, spinning-top tumbles a little bit (as usual), lays at side, runs at some larger bow, climbs up at handle and at tip, then rotates further on like any normal spinning-top.
´Phenomenal´ is, centre of mass of spinning-top is lifted (while lastly not turning slower), so raises up versus gravity. There are several theories for explanation, most assuming friction (thus heat) being involved resp. being source of self-lifting act. My explanation is simple: inertia wants to keep its direction and movements resist against deceleration.
If at starting phase axis of spinning-top is not absolutely vertical, mass moves like a diagonal turning wheel. Mass-parts upside move by maximum speed within space, mass is decelerated within downward-phase, stands still for short moment when laying at supporting surface.
Inertia of downward moving mass (at frontside) is blocked by supporting surface, so can´t have further effects (besides knocking onto floor). Inertia of upward moving mass (at backside) however can ´live free´, can fly upward-ahead. So inertia of (diagonal) turning mass guides itself onto higher level, until lastly no mass parts are decelerated (but all mass-parts turn by likely angles speed - apart of some further tumbling).
Boomerang
Boomerangs fly at strange tracks. At throwing off, sling-motion occurs (see previous chapter), by which given power at its best is transformed into movement ahead and same time into turning movement. Also here, mass of one boomerang-arm phasewise moves faster and slower within space. At free fly however doesn´t exist any supporting surface (like previous spinning-top at floor), so there is no necessity for deceleration of mass parts.
During flight, boomerang rotates slower and correspondingly moves faster ahead (thus flies longer distance than based only at original movement ahead). At the beginning, track is swinging, later on track becomes more stretched, so centre of mass is accelerated ahead. This transmission of rotation into translation is well known, e.g. planets rotate increasingly slower around own axis and turn correspondingly faster around their sun.
Many years ago I described both phenomena (besides other stuff) at workouts concerning Würth-Rotor-Systems. These are available as pdf-files at chapter Download Schwung-Systeme (sorry, only in German), there within part evwue04.pdf at 2.14 ´Flug des Bumerangs´ (page 14) and at 2.17 ´Levitierende Kreisel´ (page 17). There also are described diverse proposals for usage of these effects.
Break-off-Wheel
In this context, an other ´phenomenon´ is interesting: flying-up-and-ahead of broken wheel. Many (old) truckers made strange experience of being passed by lonely lorry-wheel - by own broken wheel, running ahead by increasing larger jumps. Nowadays, occurrences like these are common to spectators of car-races, some ending tragic.
It´s fact: if attaching of wheel breaks, wheel hops ahead acceleratedly. Explanations or precise experiments by common physics are not known, probably cause this event smells like PM. Nevertheless explanation is easy and also source of additional power is clear to define.
Attached wheel rolls at road and turns by corresponding speed around its axis. If wheel comes free off its attaching (without any additional impulse), wheel becomes un-weighted resp. hits onto next unevenness of road. At both cases, wheel gets lost of direct contact to supporting surface.
So necessity of deceleration of parts of mass (front and downside part of wheel) no longer exists. As mentioned above and well known, part of rotational energy merges into translation energy. Wheel turns slower around its axis and moves faster ahead within space.
If now however wheel again hits onto road, rotation of wheel is too slow in relation to its speed ahead. Upper Parts of wheel ´stumbles´ ahead, so rotation of wheel is accelerated, until rotation again corresponds to actual speed-ahead. So jump by jump, wheel runs ahead faster and faster. Power input into system is done by resistance of road - this energy can´t get lost, must remain within system, by law of constance of energies).
These movement´s processes are described in details at chapter Wheels at Tracks moved and there are described designs for usage of these effects. Also at chapter Planet-Wheel-Motor and Crop-Circle-Motor similar processes and solutions are described (analogue to crop-circle pictures).
Cross-Wheel-Motor
Cross-wheel-motor however will be most effective solution, cause processes at previous ´broken-wheel´ are realized at most small constructional volume by most simple technique.
If a rotor-gear-wheel (red) is turning around central gear-wheel by steady speed, process corresponds to steady rolling of wheel at plan surface. If both gear-wheels are not round but oval shaped, rotation of rotor-gear-wheel around its axis would be accelerated and decelerated (by constant angles speed around system axis).
These gear-wheels could also show four relative deepenings and elevations (which I called ´cross-wheel´). At this cross-wheel motor, also central gear-wheel is turnable around system axis.
Whole system is started turning without relative movements between parts. If afterwards however central gear-wheel turns slower, rotor-gear-wheel phasewise ´flies´ over ´deepenings of road´ and at the following, again will roll onto (softly elevated) part of road. Previous processes of ´broken wheel´ thus won´t occur at resting road, but wheel like road move ahead, road however some slower. By ´touch-down´ of ´flying wheel´ at slower moving central-gear-wheel, outside parts of mass of rotor-wheel ´stumble´ ahead. Thus central-gear-wheel affects acceleration of rotation of rotor-wheel (without decelerating rotor-wheel´s angles-speed around system axis) - and demanded counter-force drives ahead central wheel (resulting usable turning momentum).
This motor can be constructed rather small, however can drive most high revolutions, so strong forces will exist. Gear-wheels must show only minimum differences to circled shape. Un-even gear-wheels like these, today are easy to construct with perfect interaction of teeth. Details of usage of these effects are described in details at chapter Cross-Wheel-Motor.
Rhönrad-Motor
Many readers might have doubts versus these claims - and should do this experiment: sphere lays at tablecloth, tablecloth is pulled some aside, then stopped, again some accelerated etc. At each act of pulling sphere´s rotation is accelerated, at each stop sphere rolls faster ahead.
That´s no astonishing process, remarkable only is modest energy demanded. When supporting surface is accelerated, upper mass of sphere still rests, mass at backside is raised, mass at frontside falls down correspondingly. Power is demanded only for change of speed of mass downside. Nevertheless, all parts of mass come into stronger rotation, resulting accelerated movement ahead when surface rests again.
Instead of linear movement ahead, turning movements are preferred at motors. Instead of previous sphere, ring-shaped mass should be used. This ring should roll onto round track. This track should be installed eccentric to system axis and turnable around system axis (which is horizontal mounted). Then track will move up and down, ahead and back, is accelerated and decelerated.
This ring will behave like sphere above - acceleration and deceleration of supporting surface (below each momentary supporting point of ring) however demands no power input. Track is accelerated same time when ring falls down by turning same sense. Track is delayed at upward-phase, so ring rolls ´upward at slope´ by itself, based at previous accelerated rotation.
I prefer this movement´s principle as best version of ´Bessler-Wheels´. Construction is most simple: cylinder is turning around system axis. Within cylinder eccentric is installed circled-round hole. Ring is rolling within that round track. Ring rolls free, is not guided by an axis etc. Motor is automatically balanced when severals modules are installed.
As here forces of interia resp. centrifugal forces are combined with force of gravity resp. free fall, machines however are to construct rather large (some 2 m diameter) and will turn rather slow (some 30 revolutions per minute). Details are shown and described at chapter Rhönrad-Motor.
These examples should point out, based at forces (for free) of inertia and gravity well is to organize surplus of benefits, if ´phenomena´ of mechanics are chosen as starting point. Astonishing processes are easy to explain, balance of all forces at all times is equal - nevertheless benefit is to earn, e.g. if previous ´roads´ affect counter-forces not only passive, but within turning systems these counter-forces result turning momentum.
At following chapter Moon-Gear once more is pointed to an other starting point for solutions, based on everyday ´phenomenon´ of un-balance of earth.
Evert / 21.02.2004
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