Suction- and Pressure-Sides
At picture 06.04.01 schematic is shown rotor A (red) of a centrifugal pump, upside by cross-sectional and downside by longitudinal cross-sectional view. Turning counter clock-wise here is assumed all times. Six blades B are drawn, between which canals (light blue) spiral run from inside outward. Fluid moves from central area outward at bended track sketched as blue curve E.
A fluid particle D (dark red) is drawn nearby front side of blade. Fluid there is guided ahead in turning sense and outward by pressure of that wall and this outward-motion also corresponds to direction of inertia. So movement E showing forward-outward becomes generated by pressure plus centrifugal forces.
An other particle C (yellow) is drawn near back-side of blade. Fluid there is pressed ahead-outward indirectly by wall and neighbouring fluid. At the other hand, that wall moving forward affects suction and particles fall into these areas without resistance. So generated flow only partly is produced by mechanic pressure, because partly particles fall into wanted direction by ´own movement energy´.
At previous chapters, fluid mechanical was produced only by friction of fluid at even (however bended) surface of rotor (and in addition accelerated by suction effects). Here now it´s question, also not-even rotor-surfaces can produce flow without corresponding energy input, i.e. blades are to build without any pressure-side. Years ago I made similar proposal by ´Ring-Vortex-Tank´ and several times I mentioned that solution, last time e.g. at mentioned chapter 05.11. ´Spiral-Canal-Motor´.
Rotor inside thus is arranged as cone-like depression and its inner side is terraced. Inner space of rotor practically is negative shape of ´Babylon-tower´, thus round cone with spiral ´ways´ from bottom to top resp. vice versa. Particle (yellow) near vertical wall follows that back stepping surface downward-outward based on suction. Particle (red) near horizontal surface is moved downward by pressure. Between rotor and housing (grey) thus again results flow downward-forward, supported by centrifugal forces.
At this picture at B surface of rotor is cone-shaped, again with these stages of spiral-bands as suction-sides. Particles (yellow) near that back-stepping walls now are guided upward-outward only by suction. By this arrangement thus no more mechanical pressure is affected onto fluid, because outward-movement comes up only by centrifugal forces (especially if liquid medium is used). These ´teeth´ of blades only show suction-sides however no pressure-sides.
At this picture downside, housing-wall (grey) is shaped as round bended surface. Rotor again in principle is plane disk however dents now are shifted somehow different. Fluid, represented by some yellow particles, is dragged by each suction-side from centre towards outside border. ´Pressure-sides´ tilt down towards outside, so canal becomes smaller. However no pressure is affected but only cross-sectional surface keeps constant according to larger radius (resp. is decreased according to faster flow).
´Round edges´ (resp. bowl-shapes) are especially suitable for these vane-teeth. Suction-sides practically stand cross to flow direction (resp. diagonal within space), while each ´pressure-side´ goes off smoothly into bended surface. So within that concave hole, teeth can stand one beside next. In addition, teeth ´grow-off´ central round surface and at the other hand disappear into surface near outside border.
Suction sides of that rotor still are spiral bands (analogue previous picture 06.04.01) arranged within shifted positions. These bands can be long-winded or can run more radial and more direct from inside towards outside. Cross-section all times shows that teeth-like steps, however flow runs diagonal and thus teeth appear more stretched into flow direction.
At this picture, four positions are shown while rotor is turning. Each suction side wanders from centre outward. Following animation shows these four pictures and there becomes obvious how fluid is pulled outward only by suction.
Thus at outlet will exist continuous flat flow all around, generated only by suction, supported by centrifugal forces. So that technique will be optimum for many applications (e.g. see Suction-Helicopters of previous part).
Free Energy
These particles are rejected at wall some later and move back slower, so as side-effect again cooling comes up. Finally fast flow at outlet shows less static pressure, so from inside towards outside well exists some pressure potential difference. Stronger static pressure at inlet thus pushes fluid from centre towards outside. In addition, fluid outside turns faster within space than inside, so by that sense again an out-turning potential vortex exists. Here however that´s not cause of acceleration but only side-effect.
Centrifugal forces support that movement direction. Centrifugal force by itself is ´for nothing´, however at first demanding according acceleration, normally thus input by mechanic work. Here however particles fly and accelerate ´by own motion energy´ into direction of suction. Finally at outlet, centrifugal force resp. inertia of flow represents kinetic energy, usable ´for free´.
This suction-blade-pump thus functions based on other movement processes than machines of previous chapters. Nevertheless that conception uses likely principles of manipulation of molecular movements and likely achieves external benefits based on latent kinetic energies of fluids.
At picture 06.04.05 previous machine once more is shown by cross-sectional and longitudinal views. Rotor A (red) shows round curvature, fluid moves from inlet B to outlet D diagonal within space at curved track F. Teeth C resp. suction sides run spiral and here rather short way towards outside.
Downside at longitudinal cross-sectional view at left side, outlet D is arranged aside of machine. As an alternative at right side is sketched, canal well could be arranged within half circle, so blades C practically lay within ´bowl´, so outlet E shows back into axial direction. At following turbine this variation could make sense (and is important for design of machines at following chapter).
Pump / Turbine
Opposite, if outside around machine exists flow, that arrangement in principle can also function as turbine. Particle D is guided to central inlet at bended track within space. Particle E of flow affects pressure onto blade and thus mechanic turning momentum results by that redirection. At the other hand, particle F moves alongside bended back-side of blade and thus also becomes redirected, however without affecting pressure onto mechanical parts. So part of kinetic energy of flow is not transferred into turning momentum by that turbine. Now question comes up, if blades of turbine could be designed only with pressure sides and practically no suction-sides.
Pressure-Blades
Flow in addition shows movement component into axial direction E (here downward), i.e. fluid must flow off turbine, here e.g. towards side F. Both components as a whole represent diagonal flow G, which could be redirected within teeth, e.g. by 180 degrees into direction H.
Turbine D here is drawn below housing wall A and rotor B. Instead of simple straight teeth of upper row of picture, at downside row of picture teeth are drawn with bended contours. Flow B enters aside into that half circle of tooth-like depression, is redirected (at G) and exits outside of housing wall into contrary direction (at H).
At K are marked some cross-sectional surfaces of these ´horseshoe-vanes´. So through all blades of that turbine continuously flat flow is redirected and thus mechanic turning momentum is achieved. Redirection exclusively occurs by counter-pressure of pressure-sides of these deepenings, i.e. practically total kinetic energy of flow affects thrust onto turbine (naturally only with its tangential movement component, naturally only by difference of speeds, naturally with common losses).
Alternatives
At picture 06.04.08 application of such turbines at previous cone-machines is sketched. At upside longitudinal view, inlet and also outlet are arranged into axial direction, where flow B is generated by relative long stretched rotor C, so housing A as a whole is rather small and long. At end of canal, both surfaces could build nozzle, so fluid again is accelerated before redirection within blades G of turbine D. At longitudinal view downside of picture, rotor is designed rather wide with outlet aside and corresponding redirection of flow towards central inlet at downside area of machine (details see previous chapters).
Naturally that principle of construction offers many variations resp. most probably best design of that kind are used since long times by any machines. Cone- and also Ultrasound-Motors of previous chapters in principle produce rather homogenous flow into known direction at their outlets, so at any case suitable turbines are available, no matter whether common technology or previous principle of horseshoe-vanes.
Previous discussed possibilities for generating flow only based on suction effect of back-stepping wall however is important alternative to even rotor-surfaces of previous descried machines. Possibilities of application of these ´suction-blade-pumps and horseshoe-vane-turbines´ are discussed at next chapter.
Subject of this chapter is design of blades respective vanes of pumps resp. turbines. There are lots of producers of most varying machines for most different use and thus it´s questionable whether layman like me could contribute anything. Nevertheless, at end of chapter 05.11. ´Spiral-Canal-Motor´ was mentioned one version in brief which here is described by some more details. Important applications of these modules are shown at following chapter.
Only Suction-Sides
Blades of previous picture practically represent spiral bands arranged at one level (here e.g. fixed at plane disk of rotor). At picture 06.04.02 now schematic is shown, these spiral-bands are pulled apart into axial direction, so downside border of one band is connected with upside border of next band.
Flow only by Suction
At picture 06.04.03 housing wall (grey) again is shaped as round bended surface, now however also rotor-surface shows hyperbolic curvature, again by tooth-like steps.
One can clearly see, teeth grow of centre and there at first makes fluid turning. Afterward, suction sides become wider and tilt towards outside, so some more fluid will follow that wall. Towards outside, suction wall becomes less height (and becomes correspondingly longer at larger radius), finally disappearing completely within surface of rotor.
These suction-vanes thus only use effect of back-stepping wall for generating flow (and not effect of pressure differences of potential-vortex flows like at previous chapters). Energy input for driving rotor is minimum, because rotor affects null pressure onto fluid, even no friction of fluid at rotor surface is to overcome. So these suction-blade-teeth produce flow with minimum efforts.
Self-acceleration comes up exclusively from normal chaotic molecular motions, where only these particles can move wider distances which occasionally and momentary are hit into direction of back-stepping wall. Flow here thus comes up exclusively by particles of preferred certain direction (towards suction side) flying longer ahead until hindered by next collision.
At picture 06.04.06 pure schematic is shown cross-sectional view of normal radial pump with common vanes in shape of some ´wing-profiles´. Particle A from central inlet is transported outward at bended track. Like mentioned upside, particle B near front side is pushed outward by mechanic pressure. Particle C near back-side of blade is pulled forward by suction, thus contributing acceleration of flow.
Outlets of all previous discussed machines represent flat ring-shaped jet and kinetic energy of that steady flow is to transfer into mechanic turning momentum via turbine. At picture 06.04.07 schematic that situation is sketched by some partial views.
Between housing A (grey) and rotor C (red) layer of flow B (blue) is moving. That flow shows tangential movement component (here towards right). If turbine D (dark green) shows teeth-shaped surface (light green), turbine is dragged with flow.
Blades of that turbine thus in principle are only some diagonal drillings and thus much easier to build than complex blades of common turbines. Further advantage of these horseshoe-vanes is they work only by pressure sides (like otherwise only free-jet-turbines with extreme good efficiency). Real efficiency of that new shape of vanes however is only to approve by tests.
06.05. Ring-Vortex-Engine
Implosion-Machines